In database design, what principle relates to maintaining data integrity through controlled access?

The principle that relates specifically to maintaining data integrity through controlled access is integrity constraints. Integrity constraints are rules that ensure the accuracy and consistency of data within a database. They dictate the conditions under which data can be inputted, modified, or removed, thereby preventing invalid data entries that could compromise the reliability of the database.

For example, integrity constraints can enforce rules such as primary key constraints, which ensure that each record has a unique identifier, or foreign key constraints, which maintain the relationship between tables. By controlling how data is accessed and manipulated, integrity constraints play a crucial role in ensuring that the integrity of the data remains intact, ultimately leading to a reliable and trustworthy database system.

Other options do relate to data management, but they serve different purposes. Normalization primarily focuses on eliminating data redundancy and ensuring efficient data organization. Security protocols refer to measures taken to protect data from unauthorized access or breaches but do not inherently maintain data integrity. Redundancy management deals with reducing duplicate data, which can aid in maintaining data integrity indirectly but does not directly regulate access to the data. Thus, integrity constraints stand out as the most relevant principle for ensuring data integrity through controlled access.