What does the term "atomic value" in database design refer to?

The term "atomic value" in database design refers specifically to a value that is indivisible, meaning it cannot be broken down into smaller components within the context of a database. Atomic values are the fundamental building blocks used in relational databases, as they adhere to the principles of first normal form (1NF) by ensuring that each field in a record holds only a single, unique piece of data.

For example, if an atomic value is used in a database table to represent a person's first name, that name stands alone and cannot be further subdivided into smaller parts within that field. In contrast, if a field contained a full address, it would violate the atomicity principle as addresses can be divided into street, city, state, and ZIP code.

The other options introduce concepts that do not align with the definition of an atomic value. A value that could be further subdivided lacks the characteristic of being atomic, while a collection of values or a numerical representation adds complexity that moves beyond the simple, singular focus of atomic values.